When folk medicine puts people's lives at risk
When London was hit with the bubonic plague in 1665, many ...

Flying is the safest way to travel. According to the latest study from Harvard University in the USA, you have only a 1 in 11 million probability of dying during a plane trip. The probability increases significantly, to 1 in 185,000 for this to happen during a car journey, 1 in 10,000 while cycling, and 1 in 5,000 during a motorbike journey.
And yet, while there are few people who are afraid to get around on 2 or 4 wheels, there are far more people who would rather make the journey on foot (among other things with a similar fatality rate to that of a bicycle ) or swimming, rather than traveling thousands of feet above ground with no escape route.
But this is all a matter of perception. The most prominent example? How many people have been frightened by air turbulence? ” And yet, in the entire history of civil aviation, there are no known cases of aircraft crashing for this reason.
This is also because turbulence, as well as the collision of birds with the fuselage or lightning strikes, is an expected circumstance and as such, it is part of the design process of an aircraft that has the right dimensions to withstand this type challenge" - says Marko Angileri, professor of aeronautical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy.
Light, moderate or severe turbulence is created by the mixing of air due to the collision of hot and cold masses between them. It is sometimes called an "air pocket" because of the sensation of falling when pushed down, but this is incorrect.
In fact, the air is always very present to support the plane, generating the so-called "lift" on its wings, i.e. the force from below-up, which opposes gravity, and which, together with the thrust of the engines, gives the possibility to the plane to fly.
According to data from the Federal Aviation Administration in the US, only 8 percent of accidents occur at altitude. Even when this happens, in 70 percent of cases the responsibility is attributed to the human factor. Therefore, turbulence is really scary, but it is not dangerous for the aircraft.

Air is a substance within which more or less dense and more or less hot masses can mix and collide with each other. When this happens, vortices are created which, if swept by the aircraft, cause it to become unstable.
Turbulence can be light, with 1-2 meter swings; moderate, and in this case the swing is 3-6 meters; strong or heavy, with fluctuations up to 30 meters. On the other hand, passengers should pay attention to the fact that in the most extreme cases luggage may fall from the overhead lockers, and heavy luggage may overflow the corridor.
Nëse nuk i keni vendosur rripat e sigurimit, mund të përplaseni në tavanin e avionit. “Më shumë se turbulencat, më të rrezikshme janë të ashtuquajturat “shpërthime”, pra përballja me rryma zbritëse shumë të forta, të cilat nëse ndodhin gjatë fazës së uljes së avionit, e shtyjnë me dhunë avionin drejt tokës.
Kështu ndodhi me fluturimin Wind Jet 243 më 24 shtator 2010, gjatë uljes në aeroportin e Palermos. Por edhe në këtë rast, ka radarë të motit që e lejojnë kullën e kontrollit dhe pilotin të vlerësojnë rreziqet në kohë reale, dhe nëse është e nevojshme të shtyjnë uljen”- thekson Angileri.
Rreziku më i madh për një avion që fluturon në lartësitë më mëdha, është ai i përballjes me reshje të forta breshri dhe rrufe, gjë që ndodhi me fluturimin LA1325 më 26 tetor 2022, që shkonte nga Santiago të Kilit në Asunsion, Paraguai. Prandaj, rregulli është të shmangim të qenit në situata të tilla, thotë Pietro Rinaldi, pilot dhe ekspert i sigurisë në aeroport.
“Avionët janë të pajisur me radarë moti me rreze deri në 300 km, dhe pilotët janë në gjendje, në koordinim me kontrollorët e trafikut ajror, të parashikojnë shqetësime të tilla dhe t’i shmangin ato, duke devijuar nga rruga, ndryshuar lartësinë e fluturimit apo ulur në ndalesa emergjente. Në raste si ai i avionit paraguaian, përgjegjësia ishte 90 për qind e pilotit”- thotë Rilandi.
Nga ana tjetër, rrufeja mund të shkaktojë dëme të konsiderueshme nëse avioni është në tokë shpjegon Karlo Riboldi, ekspert në mekanikën e fluturimit atmosferik në Politeknikun e Milanos. “Por nëse avioni është në fluturim, rrufeja nuk shkarkohet plotësisht siç ndodh për shembull kur godet një pemë. Ndaj ajo mund të kalojë nëpër strukturën e mjetit duke shkaktuar dëme të vogla, si djegie ose në disa raste, probleme me qarqet elektrike”- thekson ai.
Një element që duhet marrë në konsideratë, është se me ndryshimin e vazhdueshëm të klimës, turbulencat dhe stuhitë do të jenë gjithnjë e më të shpeshta. Një studim i publikuar në “Nature Climate Change”, llogariti se vetëm në korridorin e fluturimit në zonën e Atlantikut të Veriut, të përshkuar nga më shumë se 600 avionë çdo ditë, rritja e temperaturave do të çojë në një rritje të shqetësimeve të tilla nga 40 në 170 për qind gjatë dekadave të ardhshme.

Përpara se të fluturojë, një avion duhet të kalojë teste bindëse të goditjes, gjatë të cilave është e mundur të simulohet, me anë të rrymave të ajrit të kompresuar jashtëzakonisht të fuqishme përplasja e elementëve të ndryshëm si breshëri apo edhe zogjtë.
"As it happens with a bird", underlines Marko Angileri, who personally conducts striking experiments in the laboratories of the Polytechnic of Milan. In the past 30 years, there have been more than 200,000 cases of animal collisions with airplanes in the United States alone, resulting in 292 deaths, or about 0.1 percent of the total number of passengers involved.
"But they were almost all military flights or low-flying helicopters, and there was no loss of civilian life. In general, the probability of a plane hitting a bird is 0.06 percent, while the risk of death is 0.00009 percent," says Angileri. / Adapted from CNA.al
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