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Beliefs in the supernatural, religious and mythical, are a normal part of human culture.
In every society, for as long as human history has been recorded, people have explained all kinds of phenomena in the world by divine intervention or some supernatural plan.
Ancient societies believed that they had to sacrifice innocent people to please the gods to bring rain. Whereas today, some people explain natural disasters with the perceived immorality of their contemporaries. But why do we behave this way?
Lord of the Voids
Scientists, philosophers and theologians have asked themselves this question. Some arrive at the hypothesis of the "God of the Gaps". The basic idea is that people tend to infer supernatural explanations for phenomena they do not understand. On the one hand, this may suggest that people tend to give up their belief in the supernatural when science is able to explain certain phenomena. However, another interpretation suggests that people use supernatural explanations when a phenomenon has unclear or undefined causal agents.
Social events versus natural supernatural events
Along this line of reasoning, a group of psychologists asked whether in human societies, people were more likely to seek supernatural explanations for natural phenomena or for social phenomena.
The researchers hypothesized that people might be more likely to use supernatural explanations for natural events (such as weather-related incidents or natural disasters) compared to social events (such as theft or murder).
This is because there is often a clear cause in the case of social events, while natural ones usually lack a single force to which we can point the finger of blame. "When certain events occur, people tend to make intentional agents responsible.
They are more likely to turn to divine intervention when there is no one to blame," says study co-author Danika Dilion, an expert in moral psychology at the University of North Carolina.
Supernatural explanations
Dillion and her colleagues analyzed ethnographic texts from 114 historical societies, including nomadic hunter-gatherer groups, fishing and horticultural societies, and large city-dwelling societies. Based on the descriptions of these texts, researchers determined whether supernatural explanations were absent, unusual, or common to various types of phenomena that fit or fit into a natural or social category.
Researchers defined "supernatural explanations" as the attribution of an event to supernatural processes. "Most supernatural explanations were attributed to the actions of supernatural agents such as Gods, ancestral spirits, and practitioners of human magic. While some were attributed to supernatural forces such as karma and the evil eye" - says Dilion.
Për Dilion dhe kolegët e saj, rezultatet nuk ishin befasuese:Në përgjithësi, shpjegimet e mbinatyrshme ishin më të përhapura për fenomenet natyrore dhe jo ato sociale. “Rezultatet e studimit tonë sugjerojnë se kur ngjarjeve u mungojnë shkaqe të qarta, njerëzit e mbushin këtë boshllëk me fenomenet e mbinatyrshme”-thotë ajo.
Rezultatet janë në përputhje me hulumtimet e mëparshme, të cilat tregojnë se njerëzit shpesh antropomorfizojnë fenomene dhe ngjarje natyrore, dhe e mbushin botën natyrore me një axhendë si ajo të ishte një agjent i ndërgjegjshëm (për shembull “Universi është sot kundër meje sot).
Psikologjia njohëse dhe e mbinatyrshmja
Një hulumtim nga psikologia Xhesi Bering, sugjeron se kjo tendencë vjen për shkak të shtrirjes së tepërt të kapaciteteve të teorisë sonë të mendjes. Kjo do të thotë që psikologjia jonë është e përshtatur për të ekzistuar në mjedise sociale, gjë që shpesh sjell racionalizimin e ngjarjeve, duke ia atribuar ato një agjenti të ndërgjegjshëm.
Qeniet njerëzore lulëzojnë në kolektiv, dhe si të tillë ata duket se janë shumë të ndjeshëm ndaj zbulimit të agjentëve në mjedisin e tyre, me gjasë sepse ne i kushtojmë shumë energji dhe burime kuptimit të motiveve të njerëzve të tjerë.
“Në përputhje me këtë ide, kemi zbuluar se shpjegimet e mbinatyrshme janë më të zakonshme për ngjarjet që nuk kanë agjentë të qartë përgjegjës, si stuhitë apo vrasjet e papritura në komunitete më të mëdha dhe më anonime- thekson Dilion.
Besimi tek e mbinatyrshmja
Studiuesit zbuluan gjithashtu se shoqëritë me një kompleksitet social më të madh, kishin më shumë gjasa të përdornin shpjegime të mbinatyrshme për fenomenet sociale, sesa shoqëritë me kompleksitet social më të vogël. Dilion mendon se shpjegimet me të mbinatyrshmen, mund të jenë më të zakonshme në shoqëritë më të mëdha urbane, sepse tek shoqëritë me rrjete sociale më komplekse, është më e vështirë të dallosh agjentët shkakësorë të incidenteve sociale.
"The more people there are at a given event, the more difficult it becomes to understand individual motives. In cases of murder or theft in more urbanized societies, the culprit is more likely to remain anonymous than in smaller communities, where everyone knows each other," says Dilion. The study's findings support previous studies that place our evolved social psychology at the center of our beliefs in religion and the supernatural./ Adapted from CNA.al
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