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Gunfire echoed through the traffic jam at noon, causing panic among pedestrians on a busy street in the Ukrainian Black Sea port city of Odessa. Masked men wearing bulletproof vests pulled several other men out of a white minibus, threw them onto the sidewalk and arrested them.
The masked men were members of Ukraine's main security agency, the SBU. The people being detained were from the regional military recruitment office, which is responsible for finding men who evade military service and those who ignore the call to fight on the front lines.
Some passersby reacted with excitement. The arrests on April 21 were part of an organized operation, authorities said, to catch corrupt recruiters who demanded bribes and blackmailed people who did not want to sign up, or were ineligible to join the army.
And this is by no means an isolated case. More than four years after Russia began full-scale war, Ukraine's defense, in terms of human resources, continues to be deficient. Kiev has been trying for several years to create a better system for incentivizing, attracting and recruiting people to serve, whether on the front lines or in other roles.
This remains a major challenge for him. And corruption among recruiters is making it even more difficult.
“On the one hand, everyone says we must fight until victory, but on the other hand, everyone is running away from mobilization,” Kyrylo Budanov, the former head of Ukraine’s military intelligence, complained this month.
"This is a huge, extraordinary problem," he assessed.
"Wars are not won without people. Without people, wars are lost, and that happens. But winning without people, that simply doesn't happen," Budanov said in an interview with the state news agency, Ukrinform.
"The Ukrainian government has attempted to improve the image of the recruitment system, but more work needs to be done ," said an analysis published last month by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
"The main recipe for bribery and corruption is the unwillingness of a significant part of citizens to fulfill their constitutional duty to protect the state, if they have the financial means to avoid it," said Viktor Kevlyuk, a military analyst at the Center for Defense Strategies in Kiev and co-author of the analysis.
"Our boys are on the front lines and someone has to replace them"
Në javët pas pushtimit të plotë në shkurt 2022, Ukraina arriti të ndalojë atë që shumëkush e kishte parashikuar si një fitore të lehtë për ushtrinë ruse, duke përdorur guximin, aftësitë dhe trimërinë, si dhe paaftësinë e disa komandantëve rusë.
Forcat ukrainase arritën t’i kryejnë dy kundërofensiva të suksesshme në fund të vitit 2022, duke i detyruar trupat ruse të tërhiqen.
Derisa lufta vazhdoi, Rusia e shfrytëzoi të qenet më e madhe dhe bazën më të thellë të mbrojtjes për dërguar më shumë njerëz në luftë.
Një urdhër mobilizimi i pjesshëm në shtator 2022 solli dhjetëra mijëra burra në vijën e frontit. Autoritetet krijuan një sistem të përzier rekrutimi, që përfshinte paga dhe përfitime të jashtëzakonshme, të financuara nga buxhetet federale dhe rajonale.
Kjo bëri që të dërgoheshin rregullisht burra drejt frontit, ndërsa shkalla e humbjeve ishte tronditëse.
Sipas vlerësimeve të inteligjencës perëndimore dhe ekspertëve, humbjet e Rusisë po i afrohen shifrës prej 1.5 milion të vrarë dhe të plagosur, një numër marramendës që tejkalon humbjet që Moska ka pësuar në të gjitha luftërat që nga viti 1945.
Ndërkohë, Ukraina besohet të ketë mbi 500.000 të vrarë dhe të plagosur, që është një problem edhe më i madh për shkak të popullsisë më të vogël.
“Djemtë tanë janë në vijën e frontit dhe duhet të zëvendësohen nga dikush”, tha Budanov, tani shef i stafit të presidentit Volodymyr Zelensky. “Ata që shmangin shërbimin nuk e kuptojnë këtë”.
Zyrtarët kanë pasur vështirësi ta përmirësojnë sistemin për joshjen dhe mbajtjen e ushtarëve. Në prill 2024, Zelensky e nënshkroi një ligj që uli moshën minimale për mobilizim dhe kërkoi që të gjithë burrat t’i përditësojnë të dhënat e tyre ushtarake.
Ligji gjithashtu rriti pagesat për vullnetarët dhe lejoi që disa të dënuar me burgim të shërbejnë.
Vitin e kaluar, autoritetet shpallën stimuj që përfshijnë bonuse në para, kredi të subvencionuara për banesa, arsim universitar falas dhe të drejtën për të udhëtuar jashtë vendit pas përfundimit të shërbimit.
Që nga janari 2025, rreth 800.000 trupa shërbenin në Forcat e Armatosura të Ukrainës dhe struktura të tjera si brigadat territoriale dhe Garda Kombëtare.
Sipas ligjit ushtarak, shumica e burrave nga 18 deri në 60 vjeç nuk lejohen të largohen nga vendi.
Një vlerësim parlamentar i vitit 2024 thoshte se kishte 4.35 milionë burra ukrainas nga mosha 25 deri në 60-vjeçare, të përshtatshëm për shërbim. Vlerësime të tjera e vendosin këtë shifër në rreth 5 milionë.
Sistemi i tanishëm për sigurimin e një fluksi të vazhdueshëm rekrutësh mbështetet në Qendrat Territoriale të Rekrutimit dhe Mbështetjes Sociale. Këto qendra jo vetëm që rekrutojnë, por edhe ndjekin ata që shmangin mobilizimin.
Ky proces ka qenë shumë i diskutueshëm, nëse jo i urryer. Në një rast të njohur, rekrutuesit u shfaqën në një koncert në Kiev dhe shpërndanë fletëthirrje, duke e tërhequr zvarrë një burrë ndërsa ai kundërshtonte.
Another video shows a fight on a rooftop between a recruiter and a man, which ends with both of them falling.
Recruiters often patrol cities in minibuses, looking for men. They often stop them by force and force them into vehicles.
Meanwhile, a parallel system has been created to help people avoid mobilization.
Ukrainian border guards say those trying to avoid mobilization pay around $15,000 to smugglers who help them cross illegally into countries like Romania.
“There is no division in Ukrainian society,” said political analyst Volodymyr Fesenko. “But there is tension related to mobilization, and this tension is growing… There is corruption and excessive use of violence.”
"Mobilization is necessary. Someone has to fight"
Odessa, a port city known for its criminal underworld, has been the focus of many complaints about bribes from recruiters. The parliamentary human rights office reported about 200 complaints about abuses committed by military recruiters last year.
In the April 21 incident, SBU officers stopped a minibus after a chase, fired shots and arrested eight people, forcing them to lie on the asphalt.
According to reports, recruiters demanded a $30,000 bribe from a former soldier who had been officially released from mobilization. He was threatened with a gun and the recruiters forced him into the vehicle. SBU officers reportedly confiscated batons, iron bars, knives, and illegal weapons from the minibus.
Although Ukrainians support the war, most of society is tired and demands an end to the war.
While mobilization efforts are supported, corruption and violence by recruiters are unacceptable to many people.
"You can't avoid it. Mobilization is necessary. Someone has to fight ," a woman from Odessa told the Ukrainian Service of REL.
"And those who avoid service should be forced to serve. But there should be civilized methods, without [torture]," she added. /REL
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