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Since United States President Donald Trump took office last year, Washington and Brussels have clashed over trade, support for Ukraine and military spending.
Now, a new flashpoint is the Western Balkans.
The region, positioned between the interests of the EU and the US, as well as the influence of Russia and China, has become an object of competition between great powers, due to its strategic position and fragile economy.
Nothing illustrates this more clearly than recent deals by American investors for energy projects in Albania, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina - countries aiming to wean themselves off dependence on Russian supplies.
"President Trump is opening a new era of cooperation with Southern, Central and Eastern Europe," said US Secretary of Energy Chris Wright at the Three Seas Initiative Business Forum, held in Dubrovnik, Croatia.
The clash of agendas became apparent last week, when the United States made its largest public investment in the Western Balkans in years, signing several multibillion-dollar deals for gas exports and artificial intelligence development in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia.
The focal point is the $1.5 billion Southern Interconnector pipeline between Bosnia and Croatia, which connects Bosnia to both the Croatian liquefied gas terminal on the island of Krk and the wider gas network in Europe.
"There is an acceptance that this is a region with great risks, and the more you make these things public, the more you provoke a backlash - from Moscow, from Beijing, even from parts of Europe," a congressional aide told Radio Free Europe.
"The strategy is to move capital and projects faster than politics. If you present everything as a geopolitical competition, it slows down the process. If you call it investment and infrastructure, it moves forward," added another.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the poorest countries in Europe, needs things to move, and fast.
Currently, it is completely dependent on Russian supplies of fossil fuels, which come through the TurkStream pipeline.
The Kirkuk terminal is an important hub for American liquefied natural gas entering Europe, and the agreement also signed by the US will ensure that even more American energy reaches the region.
Balkan countries appear to be turning to the United States, after years of failing to secure funding from Europe.
“The lack of investment has been a long-standing problem in the Balkans,” says David J. Kostelancik, senior fellow in the Democratic Resistance Program at the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA).
“Duke u përqendruar në angazhimin diplomatik dhe duke lehtësuar financimet, SHBA-ja mund të rrisë investimet në sektorin e energjisë, që rrit konkurrueshmërinë dhe sigurinë, përfshirë sigurinë kibernetike dhe mekanizmat e shqyrtimit të investimeve, që i zbulojnë përpjekjet e aktorëve keqdashës për të fituar ndikim”, shton ai.
Si Brukseli, ashtu edhe Uashingtoni mbështet shkëputjen e Ballkanit nga varësia energjetike ndaj Rusisë.
Por, politika energjetike tani po shndërrohet në një garë ndikimi, duke i vënë dy kryeqytetet përballë njëri-tjetrit.
Për të hapur rrugën për marrëveshjen e tubacionit, Bosnja ndryshoi legjislacionin, për të përcaktuar një kompani private amerikane - AAFS Infrastructure and Energy - si investitorin dhe zhvilluesin kryesor.
Sipas të dhënave të kompanisë dhe projektit, drejtori i AAFS Infrastructure and Energy është Jesse Binnall, ish-anëtar i ekipit ligjor të presidentit amerikan, Donald Trump, ndërsa zëvendes i tij është Joseph Flynn, vëllai i ish-këshilltarit për siguri kombëtare, Michael Flynn.
Ligji i ri shmangu procedurën e hapur të tenderit - gjë që e zemëroi Brukselin dhe bëri që organizata Transparency International të paralajmëronte për krijimin e një “precedenti të rrezikshëm”.
Në një letër të datës 13 prill, ambasadori i BE-së në Sarajevë, Luigi Soreca, paralajmëroi se ligji i miratuar posaçërisht për projektin e gazsjellësit (lex specialis), mund të rrezikojë qasjen e Bosnjës në tregun evropian të energjisë, si dhe rreth 1 miliard euro financim nga Plani i Rritjes i BE-së për Ballkanin Perëndimor.
Vendi ballkanik është pjesë e Komunitetit të Energjisë të Brukselit, i cili i shtrin ligjet e tij në këtë fushë edhe për vendet që aspirojnë të anëtarësohen në BE.
Ndërsa Sarajeva është vend kandidat për në BE që nga viti 2022, nuk ka asnjë indikacion se ajo do t'i bashkohet bllokut së shpejti, meqë Brukseli shpesh ankohet për mungesën e reformave të brendshme.
Zyrtarët në Bosnje thonë, gjithashtu, se marrëveshja me investitorët amerikanë vjen si përpjekje për ta ndihmuar vendin që të ecë drejt vetë synimit të BE-së për ndalimin e plotë të importeve të energjisë ruse deri më 1 janar 2028.
Ky është një synim i vështirë për Bosnjën, e cila nuk ka prodhim të vetin të gazit dhe është plotësisht e varur nga Rusia, e cila i siguron rreth 225 milionë metra kub gaz në vit.
Me perspektivën e anëtarësimit në BE ende të largët, Bosnja duket se ka zgjedhur t’i injorojë paralajmërimet e Evropës “për t’i shqyrtuar me kujdes detyrimet” në nënshkrimin e kontratave energjetike.
Bosnja, madje, iu bashkua edhe një iniciative amerikane për të forcuar furnizimin me energji të rajonit.
Ministri i saj i Jashtëm, Ellmedin Konakoviq, i tha Shërbimit të Ballkanit të Radios Evropa e Lirë se “ishte ekonomikisht e rëndësishme për vendin”.
“Kjo pjesë e Evropës po kthehet tek arsyeja e shëndoshë. Rruga drejt prosperitetit është më shumë, jo më pak energji", tha Wright.
US economic interest in the region has been further boosted by the passage of the Western Balkans Democracy and Prosperity Act by the US Congress in February.
This act, among other things, commits the United States to intensify economic cooperation.
Last week, Kosovo's capital, Pristina, hosted a conference of American investors, aimed at attracting American businesses to invest in numerous projects, such as: a new bus station and a hospital in the city, the construction of a ring road, and numerous sports infrastructure facilities.
American investment group Pantheon Atlas signed a letter of intent with local partner Koncar Group to build an artificial intelligence and data center in Croatia next year, worth $58 billion and with a planned energy capacity of 1 billion gigawatts.
Meanwhile, in Tirana, Albania signed a 20-year framework agreement for the supply of US imports of liquefied natural gas, worth $6 billion. It will link local energy supplier Albgaz with US firm Venture Global and Greek company Aktor.
Officials who spoke on condition of anonymity said that other announcements are expected, but did not provide details.
They added that, while the current focus is on Albania, Bosnia and Croatia, there is a strong sense that this new policy aims to be regional.
Serbia, North Macedonia and Montenegro are seen as logical next steps if the first projects are realized, especially given the fact that Washington aims to build a more integrated energy and digital corridor in the Western Balkans. /REL
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