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"A new discovery may provide some clues about Jesus' childhood." "Secret Bible Text Changes Everything."
"A mislabeled Egyptian papyrus fragment hidden in a German library has shattered millennia-old perceptions of the Bible and Jesus himself."
These were just some of the headlines covering the recent discovery of a 1,600-year-old manuscript depicting a story from Jesus' childhood.
The two papyrologists who made the find, Lajos Berkes and Gabriel Nocchi Macedo, were however a little overwhelmed emotionally by this kind of reporting.
"This is not a new story and it is not an authentic story about Jesus," Berkes told DW about the contents of the manuscript they found.
"So it doesn't change anything about what we know about the gospels and about Jesus," said Berkes, a lecturer at the Institute for Christianity and Antiquity at Berlin's Humboldt University. "It has caused a lot of misunderstandings and controversy, even though we never claimed anything."
What they found is nonetheless spectacular: it is the earliest known manuscript of the so-called Infancy Gospel of Thomas, a non-canonical or apocryphal gospel—a text rejected by the Catholic Church and never included in the New Testament.
Jesus turns the clay figures into real birds
The manuscript contains fragments of a text that describes the 5-year-old Jesus playing by a stream, where he finds clay and molds it into the shapes of birds. Joseph rebukes him for being active on the Sabbath, the day of rest. This prompts Jesus to clap his hands, upon which the sparrows come to life and fly away.
Although it was not included in the canonical gospels, the Infancy Gospel of Thomas is nevertheless a well-known work among scholars.
The original transcription of the text is estimated to date from the mid-to-late 2nd century AD, based on another second-century document that cites the Greek bishop Irenaeus of Lyons, who describes the work as inauthentic and heretical.
The Infancy Gospel does contain stories that seem surprising to those who know Jesus as a kind and loving figure. The young Jesus is prone to outbursts of anger and revenge. Curses other children who anger him, leaving them disabled or dead. He blinds his neighbors and also kills a teacher who scolded him.
Scholars have long debated why Jesus would be portrayed as a "hero of ridiculous and idle jokes," as one author described the stories.
Vetë Testamenti i Ri jep pak informacion për fëmijërinë e Jezusit. Meqenëse Ungjilli i Fëmijërisë në dukje mbushi disa nga boshllëqet e lëna nga ungjijtë kanonikë, ai ishte shumë i popullarizuar gjatë Mesjetës së Lartë. Versionet e lashta të dorëshkrimit u gjetën në greqisht, latinisht, si dhe në gjuhët siriane, sllave, gjeorgjiane, etiopike dhe arabe.
Çfarë mund të mësohet nga fragmenti i sapozbuluar
"Greqishtja supozohet të jetë gjuha origjinale dhe deri më tani dorëshkrimi më i hershëm i këtij teksti ishte i shekullit të 11-të," shpjegoi Berkes.
Fragmenti i gjetur nga Berkes dhe Macedo, i datuar midis shekullit të 4-të dhe të 5-të, mund të tregojë mënyrat në të cilat disa fjalë u zëvendësuan gjatë transkriptimit të shekujve.
Dy studiuesit tani po planifikojnë të bëjnë një rishikim të plotë të dorëshkrimit ekzistues dhe po punojnë për një përkthim të ri.
Megjithëse nuk do të ndryshojë ndjeshëm tekstin aktual, puna e tyre mund të sigurojë një kuptim të ri të gjuhës së përdorur, "duke treguar në thelb se regjistri dhe vlera stilistike e këtij teksti origjinal grek ishte shumë më e lartë se sa mendohej më parë," vuri në dukje Berkes.
Një rast i famshëm falsifikimi: papirusi i gruas së Jezusit
Deri më sot, përpjekja për të kuptuar jetën e Jezusit përtej asaj që dihet nga tekstet kanonike mbetet një temë magjepsëse. Zbulimet që potencialisht zbulojnë më shumë rreth figurës qendrore të krishterimit janë publikuar gjerësisht.
Një rast i famshëm daton në vitin 2012, kur profesoresha e Harvardit Karen L. King paraqiti një fragment papirusi me një citim të Jezusit që i referohej "gruas" së tij.
Ekziston një histori e gjatë e teologjisë së skajshme të krishterë që pretendon se Jezusi ishte i martuar me Maria Magdalenën, e cila ishte një nga ndjekësit e tij të ngushtë sipas ungjijve kanonikë. Ideja u popullarizua gjithashtu nga Dan Brown në romanin e tij bestseller të vitit 2003, "Kodi i Da Vinçit".
Por nuk ka asnjë dëshmi të vërtetë historike që vërteton këtë pretendim.
Papirusi famëkeq që u bë lajm në 2012 doli të ishte një falsifikim, siç u demonstrua nga gazetari Ariel Sabar në një investigim të botuar fillimisht në The Atlantic në 2016 dhe më pas si një libër i titulluar "Veritas: Një Profesor i Harvardit, një Mashtrues dhe Ungjilli i gruas së Jezusit" në 2020.
Duke kontribuar në kthimin e rastit të papirusit të rremë në një histori surreale, njeriu që besohet se ka falsifikuar Ungjillin e papirusit të gruas së Jezusit, Walter Fritz, ishte një gjerman që kishte braktisur studimet e tij në egjiptologji në Berlin dhe ishte përfshirë në sipërmarrje të ndryshme në Florida, duke përfshirë si një tregtar i pjesëve të makinave dhe artit si dhe aktor pornografik në internet.
"Ishte një falsifikim i bërë me hollësi, por shumë ekspertë të dorëshkrimeve e panë që në fillim se ishte dyshues", tha Berkes.
Si u formua koleksioni i papiruseve të Universitetit të Hamburgut
So how did Berkes and Macedo make sure their find was authentic?
Their fragment was found in the trusted and established collection of the Carl von Ossietzky State and University Library in Hamburg, which dates back to the early 20th century. The collection was acquired through the German Papyrus Cartel, which was commissioned to purchase papyri from Egypt for museums and libraries in Germany.
Berkes said that researchers at the time first focused on examining the best-preserved manuscripts and books, while smaller pieces were often set aside without being properly inventoried.
A more systematic process of cataloging these papyrus fragments only began in the early 21st century.
Of the Hamburg university's collection of more than 1,000 pieces, about a third has been cataloged and is available in digital form, where the two researchers discovered the fragment.
Searching through the online database, they noticed the word "Jesus" in the fragment and were able to determine that this was a fragment of the Infancy of Jesus thanks to another database that collects all ancient Greek literature.
Many of the articles covering their find also pointed out that the fragment was hidden in front of their eyes. It was overlooked because of the extremely poor craftsmanship of the writing - but also because the systematic exploration of papyrus collections is not necessarily something that scholars have the spare time to do alongside their other work.
"To be honest, this was just a side project and it turned out to be something big for both of us," Berkes said, noting that there are tens of thousands of fragments in collections around the world that have yet to be examined. "I can't I guarantee, but I believe there are other similar fragments around."
"If I'm lucky, I'll find something else," he added hopefully, "but it's also about persistence and luck."/ DW
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