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CNA TV has acquired exclusive rights from renowned professor and scholar of history and geopolitics, Stephen Kotkin, to broadcast his academic lectures. This is one of the first cases in Albania where a media outlet broadcasts a university lecture of this level.
In the seventh and final part of the documentary, Kotkin addresses the issue of the overthrow of authoritarian regimes, which, according to him, can happen even without foreign intervention.
Kotkin dwells on some of the successful cases of crime of a completely democratic regime itself.
According to the professor, corruption is an influential factor for a political system.
Kotkin also explained that the selection of major alliances between states is also an important aspect in the international arena.
Part seven of the documentary:
Student: Has there been any example in history where an authoritarian regime has been overthrown and the people have created a completely democratic regime on their own, without foreign interference?
Professor: Of course, there are such examples. And there are even debates about cases where it seems like there was foreign intervention, but some people in the debate say that foreign intervention was not the decisive factor.
And the few cases where it has been successful give hope that it can be done or replicated in other cases. So the obvious successes: West Germany and Japan after World War II. Those are the two most important successes. And then there is a debate in both of those cases, whether or not the American occupation was a decisive factor, or whether the societies themselves created stable market economies and stable democracies. It's a difficult debate to resolve, I won't repeat that debate now, but those are the two most important cases from which this literature begins.
There's the case of Turkey, during and after Ataturk, that's considered a really important case. There's the case of South Korea, it's also considered a pivotal case. And there's the case of Taiwan. Those are the most cited cases where you had a really serious authoritarian regime and then you achieved something much better, which is now a stable rule of law order. There are a few other cases, but those are the main ones in the literature. And then there are many more cases where you didn't achieve that. And so people try to isolate what the factors were in those successful cases and see how they can be applied. Do you need foreign occupation or not, which was part of your question.
Examples:
Një nëpunës civil japonez në Ministrinë e Rrugëve shkon në Kinë. Dhe ai fiton 10,000 dollarë në muaj në Japoni. Ai takon homologun e tij në Ministrinë e Rrugëve në Kinë. Dhe tipi i Ministrisë së Rrugëve në Kinë, ai fiton në muaj 1,000 dollarë në vend të 10,000 dollarëve si rrogë. Dhe shtëpia e tij është 10 herë më e madhe. Pra, nuk është vërtet e sjellshme të pyesësh, por nëpunësi civil japonez nuk mund të përmbahet. Dhe ai thotë: "E di, dua të them, ti fiton 1/10 e asaj që fitoj unë dhe shtëpia jote është 10 herë më e madhe. A ka diçka që unë nuk e kuptoj?" Dhe ai e çon te dritarja dhe i thotë: "E sheh atë rrugë?" Ai thotë: "Po, e shoh atë rrugë." "20%." Që do të thotë se ai përvetësoi 20% të alokimit shtetëror në xhepin e tij për ndërtimin e rrugës.
Dhe pastaj nëpunësi civil japonez shkon në Nigeri. Dhe arrin në Nigeri dhe takon homologun në Nigeri. Dhe nëpunësi civil nigerian fiton 100 dollarë në muaj, jo 10,000 si nëpunësi civil japonez, dhe jo 1,000 si ai kinez. Dhe shtëpia e tij është njëqind herë më e madhe. Do të thotë se ka tre dhoma, unë kam jetuar në Japoni për dy vjet e gjysmë" - dhe edhe një herë ai bën pyetjen: "O Zot, si është e mundur që ti fiton vetëm 100 dollarë në muaj dhe shtëpia jote është kaq e madhe?" Ai e çon te dritarja dhe i thotë: "E sheh atë rrugë atje?" Dhe nëpunësi civil japonez si unë, duhet të ngrihet në majë të gishtave dhe shikon jashtë e thotë: "Jo, nuk shoh asnjë rrugë atje." Dhe nigeriani thotë: "Ashtu është. 100%."
Pra në një vend ke rrugë dhe në një vend tjetër nuk ke rrugë. Nuk është një pyetje absolute. Është nëse e ke rrugën apo jo. Dhe pastaj nëse rruga është mjaftueshëm cilësore që të mos shembet mbi ty, nëse ka një tërmet, fëmijët e tu nuk do të ngecin në shkollën e tyre, (nëse) nuk është ndërtuar me rërë etj. Ka lloj-lloj mënyrash për t'i matur këto gjëra në vend të termave të zakonshëm të dollarit për korrupsionin. Kështu që ky është një problem i madh për regjimet autoritare gjithashtu në këtë fazë tranzicioni, sepse ndonjëherë tranzicioni mund të përfshijë shumë shpronësim të pronës. Por ka ato raste, ndoshta do ta kuptoni cili ishte faktori kyç dhe si mund të zbatohet në raste të tjera.
Studenti: A ka regjime autoritare që mbështeten nga Shtetet e Bashkuara? Dhe si ndiheni për këtë, nëse ka?
Profesori: Epo, e dini, dua të them, unë nuk punoj për qeverinë, kështu që nuk jam i përfshirë në asnjë lloj aktiviteti të tillë të drejtpërdrejtë vetë. Por unë jam një qytetar i vendit dhe paguaj taksa, kështu që kam përgjegjësi në atë kuptim. Pra ju paguani para të mira për këtë arsim këtu në Dartmouth, do të ishte hamendja ime... Unë do t'ju jap një zbritje për këtë. Kjo quhet Gjeopolitika 101. Kjo duhet të mjaftojë për ata prej jush që janë gati për një diplomë në Marrëdhënie Ndërkombëtare.
Geopolitics 101: It's really, really expensive to oppose the United States. Really expensive. The costs are astronomical. You can ask the Nazi regime, you can ask the Soviet regime, you can ask the Japanese. It's very expensive to oppose. You can ask contemporary Russia, they're paying this price for reasons that you have to understand... you can probably understand why the Russian regime likes to oppose the United States at every turn. It's very expensive.
It's also really beneficial to be on the same side as the United States. It may not always be beneficial, it may even be ugly sometimes to be on their side, but if your choice is between the cost of opposing the United States or trying to be a partner with the United States, you choose the partnership. That's Geopolitics 101.
You can ask the Chinese regime, they figured this out a long time ago. They don't like Washington very much. They don't like American politics very much. But they're not going to pay the costs of direct confrontation with the United States. They're going to be allies and partners and reap all the benefits and pay none of the costs. Because they think that eventually maybe it comes back to them, and they can play their game, not just the American game. They can maybe even change the rules. So most countries understand that having some kind of beneficial relationship with the United States is a good thing if they can do it. /CNA
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