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In Albania, the Ombudsman and legal representatives have consistently raised concerns about the high level of persons in pre-trial detention, which constitutes 62% of the total prison population.
Albania has been criticized by the Council of Europe regarding human rights violations in this regard.
Legal experts emphasize that the tightening of criminal measures has huge social and financial costs, so they argue that among the 7 coercive measures provided for in the law, that of ensuring "prison arrest" should be applied last.
In Albania, the Ombudsman and social groups that protect human rights point out that the continuous increase in the number of pre-trial detainees in relation to the prison population is an element that indicates deep problems in the violation of the freedom of the person, since he is presumed innocent but is practically in prison.
Today, there are 5,028 citizens in prison institutions, 62% of whom are pre-trial detainees, a figure that places Albania in last place in the region and Europe for the high level of people held in prison without a final court decision.
The number of pre-trial detainees in Albania, in relation to the prison population as a whole, has been high in the last two decades. In 2001 it was 47.8% of the total, in 2015 it decreased to around 30%, while after this year, which coincides with the launch of the justice reform, it has been increasing significantly.
The People's Advocate, Erinda Ballanca, told Voice of America that severe criminal measures do not always have a positive impact and that the presumption of innocence should be taken into consideration.
"Previously, there was a clear position of the Joint Colleges of the Supreme Court, which provided that the security measure "arrest in prison" should be the last and most severe to be used. This is in accordance with the principle of the presumption of innocence" - says Ms. Ballanca.
This measure in the Code of Criminal Procedure is listed among the 7 coercive measures provided for by criminal legislation, including the ban on leaving the country, the obligation to report to the judicial police, a property guarantee, or house arrest.
Recently, this issue came back into focus after a public debate held remotely between Prime Minister Edi Rama and the head of the Special Prosecution Office, Altin Dumani.
After the arrest of the Mayor of Tirana on behalf of SPAK, Mr. Rama was publicly critical of the application of the security measure "arrest in prison" by this Prosecutor's Office for mayors and state employees in office, when, as he said, they were not caught red-handed, did not pose a risk of escape, and did not have any evidence to destroy.
“Ne nuk mund të themi që: Po s’ka problem, le të torturohen edhe njerëz të pafajshëm, se ne duhet të kapim të fajshmit. Se ka një postulat. “Më mirë 10 të fajshëm jashtë, se një i pafajshëm në burg” që do të thotë një drejtësi e drejtë demokratike, në radhë të parë garanton që nuk i bie në qafë askujt pa lidhje”- u shpreh Z. Rama.
Por në një reagim publik Drejtuesi i Prokurorisë së Posaçme Altin Dumani tha se vetëm 9% e të paraburgosurve janë subjekte të SPAK, pjesa dërrmuese e tyre nga bota e krimit të organizuar.
“Përpjekja për ta vendosur Spak-un si institucion represiv është një përpjekje e dështuar sepse shifrat flasin vetë. Prokuroria e Posaçme në kërkesat që bën, është e kujdesshme të vlerësojë, kriteret dhe kushtet që parashikon ligji sa i takon llojit të masës së sigurimit”- argumentoi Z. Dumani.
Por shqetësimi mbi nivelin e lartë të të paraburgosurve prej 62% në Shqipëri është disavjecar. Gjatë dy viteve të fundit, politikat penale janë ashpërsuar, siç konstatohet edhe nga Prokuroria e përgjithshme në raportin e fundit mbi gjendjen e kriminalitetit. Në vitin 2024 organi akuzës kërkoi në gjykatë 3073 masa arrest në burg, ose 4% më shumë se një vit më parë.
Njohës të fushës juridike shpjegojnë se kriteret ligjore janë të qarta, kur ndaj një personi organi i akuzës dhe gjykata vendosin masën e sigurimit arrest në burg.
“Ka 5 mënyra që përcaktojnë nëse do ia marrësh ose jo lirinë qytetarit që kanë të bëjë me rrezikshmërinë e veprës penale, rrezikshmërinë e autorit, me faktin se a mund t’i shmangesh hetimit apo të prishësh prova. Legjislacioni ynë është shumë i mirë. Kodi i Procedurës Penala ka 7 masa sigurimi por ne jemi akoma tek arresti në burg dhe arresti në shtëpi. Në shumë raste për arrestin në burg mjafton dhe një dyshim i arsyeshëm dhe pse ne themi “dyshim i arsyeshëm mbështetur në prova”- thotë ligji. Por në fakt po të jesh në një sallë gjyqi, do dëgjosh vetëm shprehjen dyshim i arsyeshëm. Dhe çdo të thotë dyshim i arsyeshëm pa prova – “hajde rri njeherë në burg dhe ne po i gjejmë provat rrugës”- argumenton për Zërin e Amerikës Ermal Hamataj, avokat.
Sipas statisikave të Prokurorisë së Përgjithshme, në dy vitet e fundit kërkesat e organit të akuzës për masat sigurimit “arrest në burg” janë vleftësuar nga gjykatat në masën 80%. Avokati Bledar Dervishaj vlerëson se kjo e thellon më tej këtë problem.
“Në të përditshmen tonë ne shikojmë një gjykatë që më shumë sheh me sy nga prokurori se sa nga avokati. Pra a është prokurori dakort apo jo që ta ulë apo lehtësojë masën e sigurimit. Gjykata heziton të lehtësojë masën e sigurimit sepse shikon prokurorin më agresiv, apo të fortë në mbështetje të kësaj mase. Pavarësisht se kalojnë muaj të të tërë ka të dyshuar apo në hetim që nuk merren asnjëherë në pyetje. A mund të qëndrojë 12 muaj në burg pa u marrë në pyetje ? - Çfarë t’i them unë klientit?”- thotë për Zërin e Amerikës Z. Dervishaj.
Asked by Voice of America about the reasons for the prosecution's high demands for security measures in prison, the General Prosecutor's Office referred us to the Attorney General's July 2024 instruction to prosecutors in the country. This document encourages the implementation of "legal standards that balance the need for personal and public security and the effectiveness of criminal prosecution, with the necessity to respect human rights and freedoms, and also aims to ensure that security measures are requested in accordance with the principles of legality, proportionality, presumption of innocence, and non-discrimination."
The Ombudsman Institution and jurists also believe that the removal of prosecutors and judges from the vetting process has created major gaps in the justice system, overloading the work of the judiciary. Even today, almost 9 years after the start of the justice reform, the justice system is still lacking about 35% of judges and prosecutors. This situation has consequently been reflected in the overcrowding of detention institutions.
On the other hand, lawyers also raise concerns about the financial costs. A prisoner costs the state budget 36 euros per day and the entire population of prisons about 70 million euros per year. But beyond these costs, there are other quite serious ones, according to lawyer Dervishaj.
"In addition to the huge social, economic, and psychological costs to the person and family, the most dangerous cost of the security measure "prison arrest" is related to the fact that the longer the person remains in custody, the less likely he is to defend himself and be found innocent, because courts are reluctant to grant acquittals when there is a long pre-trial detention," says Bledar Dervishaj, a lawyer.
Concerns about the high level of people in pre-trial detention in Albania have been highlighted in almost all reports of the Council of Europe's Anti-Torture Committee and human rights groups in the country in recent years. However, there has been no progress in this regard. On the other hand, the European Court of Human Rights has also begun to issue its first decisions and in at least two cases has condemned Albania for unfair application of security measures. /VOA
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